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In the Penal Colony (opera)
''In the Penal Colony'' is a chamber opera in one act and 16 scenes composed by Philip Glass to an English-language libretto by Rudy Wurlitzer. The opera is based on Franz Kafka's German-language short story "In the Penal Colony". It was commissioned by ACT Theatre in Seattle, Washington, where it premiered on August 31, 2000. It has a running time of approximately 80 minutes and is scored for two singers (tenor and bass-baritone) and a string quintet.〔Chester Novello. ("Philip Glass: ''In the Penal Colony''" ). Retrieved February 27, 2013.〕
== Background ==
Kafka's harrowing story "In the Penal Colony" ("ドイツ語:In der Strafkolonie") was adapted as a play by Steven Berkoff in 1969. Glass chose to use it as the basis for an opera and selected the creative team. He and his long-time collaborator and former wife JoAnne Akalaitis worked on the idea on and off for three years before receiving a commission from ACT Theatre in Seattle. Akalaitis worked closely with the librettist, Rudy Wurlitzer, in adapting the story for the musical stage and directed the premiere production. Glass referred to the work as a "pocket opera" and deliberately chose the small-scale format of a chamber opera to increase the likelihood that it would be frequently performed.〔Akalaitis, Joanne (June 10, 2001). ("Adapting the Horrors Of a Kafka Story To Suit Glass's Music" ). ''The New York Times''. Retrieved February 27, 2013.〕〔Kinzer, Stephen (December 6, 2000). ("A Pocket-Size Opera From a Harrowing Kafka Story" ). ''The New York Times''. Retrieved February 27, 2013.〕
In Kafka's story, only two of the four characters speak, The Officer and The Visitor, whose roles in the opera are assigned to a bass-baritone and tenor respectively. As in the story, The Prisoner and The Guard remain silent.〔In English translations of Kafka's original story, The Visitor is called "The Explorer", The Prisoner is called "The Condemned", and The Guard is called "The Soldier",〕 Akalaitis added a fifth character for the premiere production, Kafka himself, who serves as a narrator and onlooker.〔 The texts for the narration were chosen by Akalaitis from Kafka's diaries. The opera's music is played by a string quintet. In the original production, they appear as musicians from the penal colony where the story takes place and are costumed variously as soldiers and civilians.〔
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